Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word of phrase. Efforts to stop or slow deforestation have been attempted (Question 41) ____ many centuries because it has long been known that deforestation can (Question 42) ____ environmental damage. In Tonga, the government leaders developed policies (Question 43) _____ were designed to help people realize that they could get short-term gains from (Question 44) __ forest into farmland but they had to suffer a lot from long-term problems that forest (Question 45) ___ would cause. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Tokugawa, Japan the local authority developed a system of long-term planning (Question 46) _____ and even reverse deforestation of the next centuries. They replaced timber with other products made from rubber or plastic and encouraged farmers to (Question 47) ____ more efficient use of land that had been farmed for many centuries. In sixteenth century Germany Jandowners also developed silviculture to deal with the problem of deforestation. However, these policies tend to be limited (Question 48) ____ environments with good rainfall, no dry season and very young soils. This is because on older and less (49) ____ soil trees grow too slowly for silviculture to be economic, (Question 50) ____ in areas with a strong dry season there is always a risk of forest fires destroying a tree crop before it matures. Question 41:
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